 |
| General |
| Name | Thulium |
| Symbol | Tm |
| Number | 69 |
| Group Number | NA |
| Group | Rare Earth, Lanthanides |
| Block | f |
| Density | 9.33 g/cm3 |
| Atomic Weight | 168.9342 g/mol |
| Atomic Volume | 18.1 |
| Discover | 1879 |
|
| States |
| State | Solid |
| Melting Point | 1818 K |
| Boiling Point | 2223 K |
| Triple Point | Nil |
| Critical Point | Nil |
| Heat of Fusion | 16.84 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 247 kJ/mol |
|
| Energies |
| First Ionization Energy | 596.7 kJ/mole |
| Second Ionization Energy | 1163 kJ/mole |
| Third Ionization Energy | 2544 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity | 1.25 |
| Electron Affinity | 50 kJ/mole |
| Specific Heat | 0.16 J/gK |
| Heat Atomization | 232 kJ/mole atoms |
|
| Oxidation and Electrons |
| Shells | 2,8,18,31,8,2 |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f13 6s2 |
| Minimum Oxidation Number | 0 |
| Maximum Oxidation Number | 3 |
| Minimum Common Oxidation Number | 0 |
| Maximum Common Oxidation Number | 3 |
|
| Appearance and Characteristics |
| Crystal Structure | hexagonal |
| Characteristics | soft |
| Color | silvery-white |
| Uses | alloys |
| Hardness | Nil |
| Toxicity | None |
|
| Reactions |
| Reaction with Air | vigorous, =>Tm2O3 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl | mild, =>H2, TmCl3 |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3 | mild, =>Tm(NO3)3 |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH | None |
|
| Other Forms |
| Number of Isotopes | 1 |
| Hydride | TmH2 TmH3 |
| Oxide | Tm2O3 |
| Chloride | TmCl2 TmCl3 |
|
| Radius |
| Atomic Radius | 176 pm |
| Ionic Radius (1+ ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (1- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (2+ ion) | 117 pm |
| Ionic Radius (2- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (3+ ion) | 102 pm |
|
| Conductivity |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16.9 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical Conductivity | 13.5 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability | 21.8 A3 |
|
| Abundance |
| Source | Monazite(phosphate),bastnaesite |
| Relation Abundance Solar System | -1.423 log |
| Abundance Earth's Crust | -0.3 log |
|
